What stock market scams or manipulation tactics should investors watch out for?

With the growth of online trading, social media stock hype, meme stocks, pump-and-dump groups, fake analysts, and misleading financial influencers it feels like market manipulation is becoming more common.

I’m curious from experienced investors:

• What scams or manipulation tactics have you seen in the stock market?

• How do scammers promote bad stocks or fake opportunities?

• What red flags should new investors recognize?

• Any real examples of schemes that caused losses?

Understanding these patterns could help protect retail investors.